要领一：

综合写作的阅读文章通常是4段。总分结构----首段+三段主体段。

分析TPO6综合写作阅读文章

Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyciopedias, however, is that any internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias

First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributioins partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic

rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.

Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.

Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which created a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.

1.首段的阅读

比如TPO6综合写作阅读文章第一段的时候，有一句话对encyclopedia做了解释，：They are in many aspects like traditional printed encyclopedias, collections of articles on various subjects.

Edmonotosaurus？

但当学生生读完Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur  (Edmontosaurus), survived the  winter  by migrating  south  to  more  hospitable regions.

这句话之后 ，马上就能知道它是一种和大象形状类似的恐龙 。

抓住文章的观点，文章的第一段的观点都会在第一段中出现，往往第一段的最后一句话。

TPO6综合写作阅读文章第一段的最后一句话：

but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias

2，主体段的阅读

1、主体段的把握需要把握各段首句

TPO6

分论点一 contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials

分论点二 fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia

分论点三 the communal encyclopedias focus on trivial and popular topics

听力不仅是对阅读文章观点和分论点的反驳，更是对阅读文章中论据和细节的反驳。需要学生重视在主体段的阅读中对论据和细节。

1）论据。一般而言，每段主体段都会有两个论据来支撑起分论点。

分论点一 lack academic credentials。

making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases

Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic

rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.

分论点二fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia

unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers

an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with

分论点三 focus on trivial and popular topics

created a false impression of what is important and what is not

T

2）细节。阅读文章中的细节包括：举例、数字、原因、比较、反复出现的单词（生词，专有名词）等。

练习

A recent study reveals that people especially young people are reading far less literature - novels, plays, and poems - than they used to. This is troubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public, for culture in general, and for the future of literature itself.

While there has been a decline in book reading generally, the decline has been especially sharp for literature. This is unfortunate because nothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does. Literature encourages us to exercise our imaginations, empathize with others, and expand our understanding of language. So, by reading less literature, the reading public is missing out on important benefits.

Unfortunately, missing out on the benefits of literature is not the only problem. What are people reading instead? Consider the prevalence of self-help books on lists of best seller. These are usually superficial poorly written, and intellectually undemanding. Additionally, instead of sitting down with a challenging novel, many persons are now more likely to turn on the television, watch a music video, or read a Web page. Clearly, diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivial forms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general.

The trend of reading less literature is all the more regrettable because it is taking place during a period when good literature is being written. There are many talented writers today, but they lack an audience. This fact is bound to lead publishers to invest less in literature and so support fewer serious writers. Thus, the writing as well as the reading of literature is likely to decline because of the poor standards of today's readers。

观点

分论点

论据

细节

2.记阅读笔记

（1）建议用一张草稿纸来为托福写作部分记笔记。

将草稿纸对折，阅读文章的时候把阅读笔记写在草稿纸的左侧：在听讲座录音的时候，把听讲座录音的时候，把听力笔记对应地写在草稿纸的右侧。

（2）将阅读文章的观点简短明了地写在左侧第一行

（3）概括阅读文章三个分论点的核心词且每个分论点之间留出足够的距离。

（4）时间充裕的条件下，把重要论据的核心词、细节补充至笔记中。

"习惯原则" 一一有些考生习惯用符号 ，如用× 来表示 " 不好" ，有些考生习惯用 文字 ，如将× 换成 " 有问题 " 或 " has many problems ＇' 。

时间充裕的话，补充 " traditional ：好" ，明确阅 读文章的比较对象 。

1. online lack  学术性阅读笔记使用英文还是中文 ？

一 online: inaccurate

"方便原则" 是记阅读笔记的又一原则 。如在这 里，对大多数考生来说 ，写 "学术性"肯定比写 credentials方便。

一 traditional : experts

时间充裕话 ，可以补充academic rigor等细节。

2.delete information

不需要将fabricate, delete, corrupt三个动词都写 上，阅读笔记同时要遵循 " 简洁原则" ，因为阅 读文章的时间非常有限 。

--hackers

不需要讲unscrupulous  users, vandals , hackers

-- traditional : info 难改

记阅读笔记的第四个原则 ，即 H 还原原则 里的imformation缩写为 info既节约了时间，又易被还原为 information，并不影响理解 。但如若将 information改成in，当再次使用阅读笔记时 ，就 可能因为很难将in还原为 information而产生理解 上的障碍。因此，在记阅读笔记的过程中 ，应该 使用 " 易被还原" 的缩写

2.trivial and popular topics

-- importance: false impression

-- traditional : a considered view;

he traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude